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Linux SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol:

Installing and using SNMP on Linux


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SNMP Description

SNMP or Simple Network Management Protocol, is a technology standard for alert messages (trap), monitoring (get), and configuring (set) network devices. SNMP comes in three varieties: v1, v2 and v3, of which v3 is the only version to be considered secure.

The variables associated with a network device configuration is defined in the Management Information Base, or MIB. The MIB is a collection of information for managing the network element and is comprised of managed objects identified by the Object Identifier (OID). Each OID is unique and identifies a special characteristic of the managed network device. SNMP is built upon a client (SNMP manager) - server (SNMP agent/network device) architecture pattern with a message schema defined by the MIB and sent over UDP port 161 (SNMP agent) and port 162 (SNMP manager). Each of the data values defined by the MIB are associated with an OID identified by a hierarchy of numbers separated by periods.

SNMP Linux Installation:

Installation:

  • CentOS/RedHat: sudo yum install net-snmp-utils net-snmp net-snmp-devel
    (RPMs also included with CentOS/RHEL 6 and 7 install DVDs)
  • Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install snmp snmpd snmp-mibs-downloader

Configure:

  • System file /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
    This file default restricts access to localhost only.
  • User file ~/.snmp/snmp.conf

Start:

  • CentOS/RedHat:
    • sudo systemctl enable snmpd.service
    • sudo systemctl start snmpd.service
    • sudo systemctl status snmpd.service
       snmpd.service - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Daemon.
         Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/snmpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
         Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-07-02 17:03:02 PDT; 3s ago
       Main PID: 345 (snmpd)
         Memory: 6.8M
         CGroup: /system.slice/snmpd.service
                 └─345 /usr/sbin/snmpd -LS0-6d -f
      
      Jul 02 17:03:01 myhostname systemd[1]: Starting Simple Network Management Protocol (.....
      Jul 02 17:03:02 myhostname snmpd[345]: NET-SNMP version 5.7.2
      Jul 02 17:03:02 myhostname systemd[1]: Started Simple Network Management Protocol (S.....
      Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
              
  • Ubuntu:
    • sudo systemctl enable snmpd.service
    • sudo systemctl start snmpd.service
    • sudo systemctl status snmpd.service

Test:

  • snmpwalk -v 1 localhost -c public .1.3.6.1
  • snmpwalk -v 1 localhost -c public system
[Potential Pitfall]: open up the firewall rules:
  • Open firewall to everything (if using iptables): sudo iptables -F
    or
  • if using firewald: sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --new-service=snmp
    this command will add service to directory /etc/firewalld/services/
Note: Ports 161 and 162 need to be available. See /etc/services:
snmp            161/tcp                         # Simple Net Mgmt Proto
snmp            161/udp                         # Simple Net Mgmt Proto
snmptrap        162/tcp                         # SNMPTRAP
snmptrap        162/udp         snmp-trap       # Traps for SNMP
cmip-man        163/tcp                         # ISO mgmt over IP (CMOT)

SNMP Command Examples:

  • RHEL 7: snmpget -v 1 -c public localhost sysDescr.0
    SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.0 = STRING: Linux myhostname 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jul 6 19:56:57 EDT 2017 x86_64
        
    Ubuntu: snmpget -v 1 -c public localhost .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0
    iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0 = STRING: "Linux myhostname 4.15.0-70-generic #79-Ubuntu SMP Tue Nov 12 10:36:11 UTC 2019 x86_64"
        
  • RHEL 7: snmptranslate -Tp | less
    +--iso(1)
       |
       +--org(3)
          |
          +--dod(6)
             |
             +--internet(1)
                |
                +--directory(1)
                |
                +--mgmt(2)
                |  |
                |  +--mib-2(1)
                |     |
                |     +--system(1)
                |     |  |
                |     |  +-- -R-- String    sysDescr(1)
                |     |  |        Textual Convention: DisplayString
                |     |  |        Size: 0..255
                |     |  +-- -R-- ObjID     sysObjectID(2)
                |     |  +-- -R-- TimeTicks sysUpTime(3)
                |     |  |  |
                |     |  |  +--sysUpTimeInstance(0)
                |     |  |
                |     |  +-- -RW- String    sysContact(4)
                |     |  |        Textual Convention: DisplayString
                |     |  |        Size: 0..255
                ...
                ...
        

    MIB files have to be installed on your system so that it understands the schema hierarchy of the system you want to query.

  • net-snmp-config --default-mibs --default-mibdirs
    :HOST-RESOURCES-MIB:HOST-RESOURCES-TYPES:UCD-DISKIO-MIB:TCP-MIB:UDP-MIB:MTA-MIB:NETWORK-SERVICES-MIB:SCTP-MIB:RMON-MIB:EtherLike-MIB:LM-SENSORS-MIB:SNMPv2-MIB:IF-MIB:IP-MIB:NOTIFICATION-LOG-MIB:DISMAN-EVENT-MIB:DISMAN-SCHEDULE-MIB:UCD-SNMP-MIB:UCD-DEMO-MIB:SNMP-TARGET-MIB:NET-SNMP-AGENT-MIB:SNMP-MPD-MIB:SNMP-USER-BASED-SM-MIB:SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB:SNMP-VIEW-BASED-ACM-MIB:SNMP-COMMUNITY-MIB:IPV6-ICMP-MIB:IPV6-MIB:IPV6-TCP-MIB:IPV6-UDP-MIB:IP-FORWARD-MIB:NET-SNMP-PASS-MIB:NET-SNMP-EXTEND-MIB:UCD-DLMOD-MIB:SNMP-NOTIFICATION-MIB:SNMPv2-TM:NET-SNMP-VACM-MIB
    /home/userx/.snmp/mibs:/usr/share/snmp/mibs
        

    Look in /usr/share/snmp/mibs/ for a full list of system MIB files.

  • Print table: snmptable -v 1 -c public localhost sysORTable
    (CentOS/RHEL only)
        
  • Print system uptime: snmpget -v 1 localhost -c public .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0
    iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 = Timeticks: (1310658) 3:38:26.58
        
  • Print CPU 15 minute load: snmpget -v 1 localhost -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.3
    iso.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.3 = STRING: "0.10"
        

SNMP Man Pages:
CommandDescription
snmpcmd options and behavior common to most of the Net-SNMP command-line tools
snmpwalk retrieve a subtree of management values using SNMP GETNEXT requests
snmpget communicates with a network entity using SNMP GET requests
snmpset communicates with a network entity using SNMP SET requests
snmptrap sends an SNMP notification to a manager (also snmpinform)
snmpgetnext communicates with a network entity using SNMP GETNEXT requests to get the next variable that is lexicographically "next" in the remote entity's MIB
snmptable retrieve an SNMP table and display it in tabular form
snmpdelta Monitor delta differences in SNMP Counter values
snmptest flexible SNMP application that can monitor and manage information on a network entity
snmpdf display disk space usage on a network entity via SNMP
snmpusm creates and maintains SNMPv3 users on a network entity
snmpstatus retrieves a fixed set of management information from a network entity
snmpnetstat display networking status and configuration information from a network entity via SNMP
snmpbulkget SNMP application that uses the SNMP GETBULK request to query a network entity efficiently for information
snmpbulkwalk retrieve a subtree of management values using SNMP GETBULK requests
snmp.conf configuration files for the Net-SNMP applications
SNMP Variables Format of specifying variable names to SNMP tools

SNMP OIDs:

The Object Identifiers (OID)s are used to identify a specific characteristic of a managed device.

There are two types of Managed OIDs:
  1. Scalar: managed object with a single instance (a single key to a key-value pair)
  2. Tabular: multiple data instances such as the rows of a table (e.g. CPU with multiple cores each with its' own specific charateristics)

SNMP uses ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) to define the data types used to build an SNMP message and uses Basic Encoding Rules (BER) to define the data types.

Two data types each with multiple sub-types:
  • Primitive Type: type/length(bytes)/data
    • integer
    • octet (byte, char)
    • string
    • null
    • boolean
    • OID
  • Complex Type: type/length/(type/length/data)(type/length/data)
    • sequence
    • SNMP PDU (Protocol Data Unit) - complex data types specific to SNMP
OIDDescription
CPU Statistics
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.1Load 1 minute
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.2Load 5 minute
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.3Load 15 minute
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.11.9.0percentage of user CPU time
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.11.50.0raw user cpu time
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.11.10.0percentages of system CPU time
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.11.52.0raw system cpu time
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.11.11.0percentages of idle CPU time
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.11.53.0raw idle cpu time
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.11.51.0raw nice cpu time
Memory Statistics
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.3.0Total Swap Size
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.4.0Available Swap Space
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.5.0Total RAM in machine
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.6.0Total RAM used
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.11.0Total RAM Free
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.13.0Total RAM Shared
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.14.0Total RAM Buffered
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.4.15.0Total Cached Memory
Disk Statistics
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.9.1.2.1Disk path where disk is mounted
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.9.1.3.1Path of the device for the partition
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.9.1.6.1Total size of the disk/partition (kBytes)
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.9.1.7.1Available space on the disk
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.9.1.8.1Used space on the disk
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.9.1.9.1Percentage of space used on disk
.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.9.1.10.1Percentage of inodes used on disk
System Statistics
.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0System uptime
.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0Host name

SNMP GUI:

Installation:

  • CentOS/RedHat: sudo yum install net-snmp-gui
    (uses EPEL repository)
  • Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install tkmib

Run: tkmib localhost


Select the "walk" button to traverse the OIDs.

Acronyms:
AcronymDescription
ASN.1Abstract Syntax Notation One
BERBasic Encoding Rules
MIBManagement Information Base (data schema for an SNMP device and its variables)
OIDObject Identifiers (period separated number notation used to define the SNMP device variables)
PDUProtocol Data Unit (SNMP packet construction definition)
SNMPSimple Network Management Protocol

Links:

Book imageBooks:

Net-SNMP On CentOS 7.x
by Steven Cortright
Kindle ebook

Amazon.com

   
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